Few historical figures are as polarizing as Mrs. Lincoln. You either love her or hate her.

It is nearly impossible to find an historian who can evaluate Mary Todd Lincoln without either claiming her to be a termagant that made Lincoln’s life a misery – or one of the most misunderstood characters who ever lived. Her supporters usually are in a position of being apologists rather than devotees.

Bad Press

The main reason for the spate of hate about Mrs. Lincoln comes from William Herndon, Lincoln’s law partner of nearly twenty years. There was no love lost between Mrs. L. and Billy Herndon, considered by many to be a notorious drunk and liar. Much of his comments on Mary Lincoln were spiteful, and in some cases, outright fabrications. The Herndon-Weik book (Herndon’s notes were given to Jesse Weik, and published after both Herndon and Mary Lincoln had died) was taken as gospel for generations. Mary, of course, did little to help her own cause. She did have a jealous streak and a hair-trigger temper – the Hellcat of John Hay’s diaries. The scandals of the Widow Lincoln trying to sell her clothing, and her trials for insanity were printed in all the newspapers and unquestionably poisoned her reputation beyond salvaging.

Better Press

Some forty-odd years after Mary’s death in 1882, her niece Katherine Helm, by then an elderly woman herself, wrote Mary’s biography. It was the first biography devoted solely to Mrs. Lincoln. Even adjusting for the language of post-Victoriana, it provides a wealth of information about a figure who looms high in history for no other reason than association: A reflection of Lincoln’s glory. There are many historians and psychologists today who surmise that Mrs. Lincoln likely suffered from a bi-polar condition. Mary’s niece, who included vital information about Mary’s childhood, commented that Mary was “either in the garret or the cellar.” She further likened her to a day in April, smiling and sunny one minute, then dissolving in tears the next. The bi-polar suggestion obviously has merit, but in Mary’s time, neither psychology nor its treatment was available.

Today, there are dozens of major biographies about Mary Lincoln, all with their own distinct point of view. A collection of her letters has been meticulously researched and annotated, an invaluable resource to biographers and historians. They never fail to comment on her quick and lively wit, her easy dimpled smile, and her warm affection and generosity to those she liked. Still, she manages to be her own worst enemy, no matter how much one may try to “befriend” her, or even pity her.

Searching for Neutral

One sad truth pervades the life of Mary Todd Lincoln. As a child, she naturally had playmates and classmates, particularly since she came from a large family. But her relationships with her siblings were never especially close, either in childhood or adulthood. As a young woman in Springfield, Illinois (prior to her marriage), Mary Todd was arguably at her peak of social happiness. She was part of her “coterie”, a group of young folks who entertained each other, went to dances and lectures and plays.

Once she married, however, her husband became “her all,” a common term and condition among Victorians. She had neighbors and exchanged visits. Once Lincoln became more prominent, his companions and peers entertained each other from time to time. There are few instances of her friendships, possibly because they moved away and letters were exchanged at intervals. In the White House, she alienated the society grande dames from the start; those congressional or cabinet wives who became part of her circle were few. As First Lady, Mary saw her position as superior, rather than equal. Most of those around her would fall into a category of good, kind women who believed it to be their moral duty to befriend a generally friendless, and after her son Willie died, sorrowful woman. What becomes obvious in any study of Mary Lincoln, is that there were very few true friends in her life: people who genuinely liked her for herself, and who enjoyed her company. Nothing is more telling than the conspicuous absence of family when Abraham Lincoln was assassinated. A bunch had come for the first Lincoln inauguration. No one rushed to Washington to be at her side in April, 1865.

There are and always will be those who make and keep friends easily; there are and always will be those who never seem to find their home among people. Was she mad, as some said? Few psychologists today would classify Mary Lincoln as insane. More likely, she was an emotionally fragile soul, permanently traumatized by one horrendous event. Had she been married to anyone else, she would be completely overlooked by history. But she wasn’t. She was married to Abraham Lincoln, and if, for no other reason, it is practically impossible to be neutral.


Sources:

Clinton, Catherine - Mrs. Lincoln: A Life, 2009, HarperCollins
Helm, Katherine - Mary, Wife of Lincoln, 1928, Harper and Brothers
Turner, Justin G. and Turner, Linda Levitt – Mary Todd Lincoln: Her Life and Letters, 1972, Alfred A. Knopf

This article first appeared on http://www.suite101.com