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Karen Palumbo

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On This Day 12/15/1791
1/4/2011 8:28:33 PM

The "Bill of Rights" becomes law

Virginia becomes the last state to ratify the "Bill of Rights", making the first Ten Amendments to the United States Constitution law and completing the revolutionary reforms begun by the "Declaration of Independence".

Before the Massachusetts Ratifying Convention would accept the United States Constitution, which they finally did in February 1788, the document's Federalist supporters had to promise to create a "Bill of Rights" to be amended to the United States Constitution immediately upon the creation of a new government under the document.

The Anti-Federalist critics of the document, who were afraid that a too strong Federal Government would become just another sort of the monarchical regime from which they had recently been freed, believed that the United States Constitution gave too much power to the Federal Government by outlining its rights, but failing to delineate the rights of the individuals living under it.

The promise of a "Bill of Rights" to do just that helped to assuage the Anti- Federalists' concerns. The newly elected Congress drafted the "Bill of Rights" on December 25, 1789. Virginia's ratification created the three-fourths majority necessary for the Ten Amendments to become law.

Drafted by James Madison and loosely based on Virginia's "Declaration of Rights", the first Ten Amendments give the following rights to all United States citizens.

1. Freedom of religion, speech, and assembly
2. Right to keep and bear arms for the purpose
of a well-regulated militia
3. No forcible quartering of soldiers during
peacetime
4. Freedom from unreasonable search and seizure
5. Right to a grand jury for capital crimes and
due process. Protection from double jeopardy,
self-incrimination and public confiscation of
private property without "just compensation."
6. Right to "speedy and public" trial by jury and
a competent defense
7. Right to trial by jury for monetary cases
above twenty dollars
8. Protection against "excessive" bail ro fines
and "cruel and unusual" punishments
9. Rights not enumerated are "retained by the
people"
10. Rights not given to the Federal Government or
prohibited the state governments by the
Constitution, "are reserved to the States....
or to the people"

(K) (HST)

James Madison President - USA

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