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On This Day 5/7/1763
5/26/2011 5:39:12 PM

Ottawa Chief Pontiac's plot is foiled

Major Henry Gladwin, British Commander of Fort Detroit,foils Ottawa Chief Pontiac's attempt at a surprise attack. Romantic lore holds that Gladwin's Seneca mistress informed him of the western Indians' plans for an uprising. When Chief Pontiac arraived at Fort Detroit with his men who were concealing weapons under their trading blankets,they discovered that Major Gladwin had assembled his men and prepared them for a defense of Fort Detroit.

Knowing that, without the element of surprise, their efforts would not be successful, Chief Pontiac withdrew, and instead laid siege to Fort Detroit for the rest of the summer, while his allies successfully seized ten of thirteen British forts in the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley regions by June 20, 1763.

The western Indians' efforts to united all Native Americans in an attempt to free themselves of addictions to European trade goods and alcohol, guided by their spiritual leader, a Delaware named Neolin, seemed to be succeeding. However,the French failed to come to the Indians's aid in driving the British back to the Atlantic Ocean as hoped, dooming the rebellion.

British General Jeffrey Amherst, who first angered western Indians in 1760 by curtailing the tradition of gift exchange long practiced by both the French and the British governments, unleashed one of the earliest uses of biological weaponry on the Indians in response to their uprising. General Amherst ordered Colonel Henry Bouquet of Fort Pitt to:

"Extirpate this Execrable Race"

by distributing smallpox-infected blankets among them. The plan succeeded in breeding a deadly smallpox epidemic among the Indian population in 1763 - 1764. The Indians increased unity and success terrified western European settlers, already made nervous by the British King's Proclamation Line of 1763l, which denied their right to settle beyond the Appalachians.

Colonists failure to find protection from the British Crown made them doubt the efficacy of their imperial governments. Meanwhile, officials in London, England believed backcountry settlers should share in the blame for the violence of the past ten years and demanded their assistance in paying for the empire's military expenses on American soil.

In an effort to collect on this debt from the Americans, the British Parliament passed, in rapid succession the "Sugar Act of 1764", the "Stamp Act of 1765", the "Townshend Acts of 1767", the "Tea Act" of 1773, and the "Coercive Acts of 1774". By April 1775 the cycle of taxation and protest had escalated to the point that blood was spilled between colonists and Redcoats on Lexington Green in Massachusetts, the "American Revolution" had begun.

(K) (HST)

Henry Gladwin British Major
Chief Pontiac Ottawa Chief
Neolin Delaware Spiritual Leader
Jeffrey Amherst British General
Henry Bouquet British General

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